The second research question uses qualitative marks to answer the question if feces containing seeds are clustered within the overall pattern. As null model, random labeling of quantitative marks is used. This means we are not necessarily interested in the process that lead to the pattern itself, but rather in the process that distributed the marks across the pattern. Again, in case you need to refresh your statistical background, you can find the corresponding theoretical lectures in this ILIAS module in Chapter 5.